Sophie Germain - Pioneer Woman in Mathematics

Sophie Germaine dedicated herself early to becoming a mathematician, despite family obstacles and lack of precedent. The French Academy of Sciences awarded her a prize for a paper on the patterns produced by vibration. This work was foundational to the applied mathematics used in construction of skyscrapers today, and was important at the time to the new field of mathematical physics, especially to the study of acoustics and elasticity. Known for:First woman not related to a member by marriage to attend Academie des Sciences meetingsFirst woman invited to attend sessions at the Institut de FranceDates: April 1, 1776 - June 27, 1831Occupation: mathematician, number theorist, mathematical physicistAlso Known as: Marie-Sophie Germain, Sophia Germain, Sophie Germaine About Sophie Germain Sophie Germains father was Ambroise-Francois Germain, a wealthy middle class silk merchant and a French politician who served in the Estates Gà ©nà ©ral and later in the Constituent Assembly. He later became a director of the Bank of France. Her mother was Marie-Madeleine Gruguelu, and her sisters, one older and one younger, were named Marie-Madeleine and Angelique-Ambroise. She was known simply as Sophie to avoid confusion with all the Maries in the household. When Sophie Germain was 13, her parents kept her isolated from the turmoil of the French Revolution by keeping her in the house. She fought boredom by reading from her fathers extensive library. She may also have had private tutors during this time. Discovering Mathematics A story told of those years is that Sophie Germain read the story of Archimedes of Syracuse who was reading geometry as he was killed—and she decided to commit her life to a subject that could so absorb ones attention. After discovering geometry, Sophie Germain taught herself mathematics, and also Latin and Greek so that she could read the classical mathematics texts. Her parents opposed her study and tried to stop it, so she studied at night. They took away candles and forbid nighttime fires, even taking her clothes away, all so that she could not read at night. Her response: she smuggled candles, she wrapped herself in her bedclothes. She still found ways to study. Finally the family gave in to her mathematical study. University Study In the eighteenth century in France, a woman was not normally accepted in universities. But the École Polytechnique, where exciting research on mathematics was happening, allowed Sophie Germain to borrow the lecture notes of the universitys professors. She followed a common practice of sending comments to professors, sometimes including original notes on mathematics problems as well. But unlike male students, she used a pseudonym, M. le Blanc—hiding behind a male pseudonym as many women have done to have their ideas taken seriously. Mathematician Beginning this way, Sophie Germain corresponded with many mathematicians and M. le Blanc began to have an impact in turn on them. Two of these mathematicians stand out: Joseph-Louis Lagrange, who soon discovered that le Blanc was a woman and continued the correspondence anyway, and Carl Friedrich Gauss of Germany, who eventually also discovered that hed been exchanging ideas with a woman for three years. Before 1808 Germain mainly worked in number theory. Then she became interested in Chladni figures, patterns produced by vibration. She anonymously entered a paper on the problem into a contest sponsored by the French Academy of Sciences in 1811, and it was the only such paper submitted. The judges found errors, extended the deadline, and she was finally awarded the prize on January 8, 1816. She did not attend the ceremony, though, for fear of the scandal that might result. This work was foundational to the applied mathematics used in construction of skyscrapers today, and was important at the time to the new field of mathematical physics, especially to the study of acoustics and elasticity. In her work on number theory, Sophie Germain made partial progress on a proof of Fermats Last Theorem. For prime exponents less than 100, she showed there could be no solutions relatively prime to the exponent. Acceptance Accepted now into the community of scientists, Sophie Germain was allowed to attend sessions at the Institut de France, the first woman with this privilege. She continued her solo work and her correspondence until she died in 1831 of breast cancer. Carl Friedrich Gauss had lobbied to have an honorary doctorate awarded to Sophie Germain by Gà ¶ttingen University, but she died before it could be awarded. Legacy A school in Paris—LÉcole Sophie Germain—and a street—la rue Germain—honor her memory in Paris today. Certain prime numbers are called Sophie Germain primes. Print Bibliography Bucciarelli, Louis L., and Nancy Dworsky. Sophie Germain: An Essay in the History of the Theory of Elasticity. 1980.Dalmà ©dico, Amy D. Sophie Germain, Scientific American 265: 116-122. 1991.Laubenbacher, Reinhard and David Pengelley. Mathematical Expeditions: Chronicles by the Explorers. 1998.Sophie Germains story is told as part of the story of Fermats Last Theorem, one of five major themes in this volumeOsen, Lynn M. Women in Mathematics. 1975.Perl, Teri, and Analee Nunan. Women and Numbers: Lives of Women Mathematicians Plus Discovery Activities. 1993.

Advertisement Of A Social Media - 1415 Words

When you go on the internet for any reason at all, whether it’s go log onto a social media site or to research a topic, what do you see all over? You see advertisements. Maybe they’re along the side of the page you are viewing, maybe they’re in the middle of the paragraphs, or maybe they even have something that pops up and advertises something so that you cannot ignore it. Either way, you can’t avoid seeing ads. They are everywhere. Most of the time, the advertisements we see are targeted at girls or women, as I see a lot of make up or weight loss ads that have a woman as the picture. The ads are trying to criticize women into making them feel like they need the product being shown. Well, it’s kind of the same for men, but also a little different. Ads that target men are usually more. I guess you could say, dangerous looking. Many of them have guns, and some even have what looks like to be a man forcing himself on the woman. Advertisements these days are focused at both genders; however I think the ads targeted at men are worse in the sense of danger. Advertisements that target men are trying to sell the messages that masculinity is violent, physically aggressive and sexually domineering. What comes to mind when you think of the term masculine? What about feminine? When I hear the word masculine, I think of a man with really muscular arms, picking up something heavy and drinking a beer. When I think of feminine, I think of a pretty woman, make up on her face, her hairShow MoreRelatedTraditional Marketing And Advertisement And Social Media1344 Words   |  6 PagesMarketing and Advertisement and Social Media What is a product without a voice? When a product is created, marketing and adverting is the best way gain recognition; whether it’s tangible or intangible. Traditional marketing and advertisement didn’t have social media’s enhancements and access to broader markets. Social media has not only enhanced traditional marketing but it also has saved many organizations money. According to Safko, (2013) â€Å"We all know that Traditional marketing media is expensiveRead MoreDepiction Of Women During Advertisements And Social Media1274 Words   |  6 Pagesselfie as â€Å"an image of oneself taken by oneself using a digital camera especially for posting on social networks.† The key part of that definition is the inclusion of â€Å"especially for posting on social networks.† Because, after all, that s what a lot of women do. Posting on social networks is what a lot of Americans in general do. The truth of the matter is that women dominate the usage o f social media, but that doesn t mean that they should be depicted anything other than the hardworking, daringRead MoreAdvertisements And Social Media Make Up Majority Of American Culture Identity1936 Words   |  8 PagesAdvertisements and social media make up majority of American culture identity. These two elements make up what society is today. Advertisements appeal to consumers through sexism and racist comments or gestures. Social media creates a platform where people are not true to themselves and allows them to become fake on the internet. These two elements make up the negative side of America’s identity. America’s identity is shown through the marketers and the consumers in America; how people carry themselvesRead MoreThe Impact Of Marketing On Other Business Areas Essay1633 Words   |  7 Pageswhich only recently emerged in the early 1900’s. The first use of non-print marketing came in the early 1920’s, as radio advertisements began to becom e popular. The use of radio advertisement grew in the 1930’s, due to the fact that over 50% of homes in America owned a radio. In the 1950’s, Television advertisements became more popular and passed radio, as well as magazine advertisement sales. The growth of the popularity of television majorly affected the marketing schemes of many American businessesRead MoreThe Representation Of Gender And Media978 Words   |  4 Pagesrepresentation of gender in media has become very common. It is all about the representation of phenomenally rapid change: change’s in gender relation transformations in media technologies, regulatory frameworks, content ownership and theoretical revolutions in the approaches used to make sense of gender representations. Gender and media aims to freeze the frame, press the pause button, or hit the refresh key to construct that how media shows social stereotypes. There are many advertisements which influencesRead MorePros And Cons Of Social M edia740 Words   |  3 Pagesare many pros and cons to social media so I am indifferent about this topic. Some pros of social media is that it helps with communication with people from long distances and its also good for advertising. Some cons are it brings about cyberbullying and it’s really time consuming. These are some reasons why I am indifferent about social media. Social media has changed communication in a whole different way. From facebook to snapchat and so many others, social media has made it extremely easyRead MoreCommercial Essay825 Words   |  4 Pagesbring the chasers back to one of our stores and hand out our ice cream. This advertisement will show our companys sense of fun, the store’s social area and promote an active, healthy lifestyle. A QR code will be placed in our advertisements which will provide information about the company and future promotions. The cost to display the ad on MBC is $11,905 for one thirty-second advertisement (Austin et al.). These advertisements will be displayed during the highest viewership programs. Those shows areRead MoreThe Effects Of Social Media On Society1560 Words   |  7 Pagesfactors that can contribute to the way a person can view themselves. Some of those factors are social media, advertisements, television, and society. Each of them is very different, but all can greatly affect one’s self- image. One of Sherry Turkle’s main points in her writing was that social media can cause someone to stress for numerous reasons. Jean Kilbourne states in her writing that advertisements can tell someone how to view themselves or have an influence on the way they act. Bell Hooks explainsRead MoreMedia Based On Social Stereotypes930 Words   |  4 Pagespaper includes critical analysis of media based on social stereotypes. There are two advertisements used one is based on gender inequality and the other is based on the gender biased and racial inequality. These two advertisement’s provides a good example of how media influences society. Analysis of these advertisement will show how the creator of the advertisement uses social stereotypes. Advertisement 1 analysis Nowadays the representation of gender in media has become very common. It is all aboutRead MoreAdvertisement And Culture Of The Media1658 Words   |  7 Pages Advertisement and Cultural Transformation in Middle East: In Special Context to Oman Abhishek K. Singh Faculty, Department of Communication Studies, College of Applied Sciences Sultanate of Oman dr.asingh89@gmail.com ______________________________________________________________________________ 1. Introduction In the era of information society, media is playing a very crucial part in everyday lives. It influences both how we see ourselves and society in all perspectives. There are different

Boards of Canada free essay sample

Whatwe have here is an amazing duo that is constantly creating amazing music. Theirstyle is calm, ambient music without words, and its great for relaxing. Theystem from the same branch of artists as Aphex Twin, but they far surpass whatothers have accomplished. Boards of Canada is not a group everyone willenjoy. Many are too into the world of rock and rap, and fans of other genresmight listen and feel lost. Others, though, fall quickly into this world ofmusical perfection. Boards of Canadas sound can be soft, a bit harsh, ordownright odd, but its always enjoyable. The songs are arranged in a perfectorder to lie back and listen to the whole album. The arrangement creates anenvironment of moving from one emotional plane to another. Thank goodness thesegeniuses stepped forth. They entered the music world in 1996 with theirdebut album on the Skam label. After that they quickly gained popularity on thebraindance scene. We will write a custom essay sample on Boards of Canada or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Aquarius came out in 1998, with warm,melodic and moving beats. Their follow-up to this masterpiece is theirmost popular work to date, Music Has the Right to Children. Thisalbum is sheer genius. It starts cold, moves to shuddering and harsh, and finallyends warm and calm. In 2001 they released the single In a BeautifulPlace Out in the Country. This time they shot for a warm, outsideenvironment feel, and did a perfect job. Each track is a perfect medley of beatsoverlaid with sounds of the country and small villages. Its their best work, inmy opinion. Go give this Scottish duo a shot, all their works arebrilliant. If you want songs that will get you hooked, check out HiScores and Telephasic Workshop. In a Beautiful Place Outin the Country is also very nice and will be appreciated. Dont be fooledby the first listen, play the songs a few times and things you didnt notice willappear, all sorts of hidden sounds and noises crammed into the nooks and cranniesof a song. You just cant let an opportunity of hearing something likethis pass you by. Check out Boards of Canada today.